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Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse On Board Ship
Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse On Board Ship
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Use of these guidelines can help to protect the shipping industry from the reputational and commercial damage that may be associated with drug incidents. They identify shipboard operational considerations and responses, as well as the training and procedures that should be in place both ashore and on board.
Fully updated and revised to incorporate the latest industry and regulatory guidance, topics covered include:
- Drug trafficking trends and patterns, as well as high-profile seizures and incidents
- physical security measures, both in port and on board ship
- training and education, including suggested training at both ship and corporate levels
- search procedures, including methods of searching and common concealment methods
- actions to be taken when drugs are found on board, including incident response reports and customs information.
These guidelines provide essential guidance for shipping companies, ports, masters, ships' officers, cargo owners, government officials, customs and the maritime industry as a whole.
Additional Information
| Author | International Chamber of Shipping and Witherbys |
| Publisher | Witherbys |
| Edition | 2025-2026 Edition |
| Publication month | 2025 - April |
| ISBN | |
| Shipping Weight | 1.3Kg |
Resources
Contents
Foreword Section A - Preparation - Understanding the Security Challenges Chapter 1 - Introduction 1.1 Overview 1.2 Why these Guidelines are Essential 1.3 Defining the Problem 1.4 Background 1.5 The Current Situation 1.6 Strategic Response 1.7 Drug and Alcohol (D&A) Policy 1.7.1 D&A Related Procedures 1.7.2 The Master?s Responsibilities 1.7.3 Legal Drug and Medication Use 1.7.4 Testing Procedure Chapter 2 - All Ports and Seas are Vulnerable 2.1 An Overview of Assessing the Risk of Drug Trafficking by Ship for Specific Routes 2.2 Global Drug Trafficking Routes 2.2.1 Key Global Routes - Flows of Heroin from/to Countries (or Regions) 2.2.2 Key Global Routes - Flows of Cocaine from/to Countries (or Regions) 2.2.3 Key Global Routes - Flows of Methamphetamine from/to Countries (or Regions) 2.2.4 Commentary on Key Drug Routes Affecting Merchant Shipping 2.3 Frequent Ports and Places Targeted by Drug Traffickers 2.3.1 High Profile Drug Seizures - Africa 2.3.2 High Profile Drug Seizures - The Americas 2.3.3 High Profile Drug Seizures - Middle East/Asia 2.3.4 High Profile Drug Seizures - Europe 2.3.5 High Profile Drug Seizures - Oceania Chapter 3 - The Threat to Ships 3.1 Vulnerabilities of Shipping 3.2 Considering the Implications for Merchant Shipping 3.3 Overview of Measures to Safeguard a Ship Against Drug Trafficking 3.4 Trafficking Methods 3.5 Drug Seizures On Board Ship 3.5.1 Recent Drug Seizures on Dry Cargo Ships 3.5.2 Recent Drug Seizures on Tankers 3.5.3 Recent Drug Seizures on Passenger Ships Chapter 4 - Risk Management 4.1 Security Strategy 4.2 The ISPS Code 4.2.1 Ship Security Plan 4.2.2 Designated Roles and Certification 4.3 The ILO/IMO Code of Practice on Security in Ports 4.4 STCW 4.4.1 Mandatory Security Training 4.4.2 STCW Drug Abuse Guidelines 4.5 The SAFE Framework of Standards 4.6 Passenger and Cargo Control Programme (PCCP) 4.7 Guidelines for Prevention and Suppression of Illicit Drugs for International Shipping Section B - Protection Chapter 5 - Organisational Behaviour Leading to Enhanced Security Culture 5.1 Personnel Security Strategy 5.2 Personnel Control 5.3 Social Engineering 5.4 Procedural Protection Measures 5.5 Information Protection Measures Chapter 6 - Physical Security Measures 6.1 Ship Security Procedures 6.1.1 Role of the Ship Security Officer (SSO) with Reference to Drug Trafficking Prevention 6.1.2 Ship Access Control and Identification 6.1.3 External Concealment Protection Measures on Ships 6.2 Port Facility Protection Infrastructure 6.3 Port Facility Security Procedures 6.4 Port and Ship Cooperation/Communication 6.5 Hostile Reconnaissance Chapter 7 - Cyber Security Measures 7.1 Cyber Risk and Drug Trafficking 7.2 How is Cyber-Enabled Trafficking Accomplished? 7.2.1 Online Hostile Reconnaissance 7.3 Cyber Protection Measures 7.4 Social Engineering 7.4.1 What is Social Engineering? 7.4.2 Types of Social Engineering 7.4.3 What Can you do to Prevent an Electronic Social Engineering Attack? 7.5 Cyber Risk Management - Maritime Industry Requirements and Guidelines 7.5.1 IMO 7.5.2 Other Sources Section C - Prevention Chapter 8 - National and International Cooperation 8.1 Regional Cooperation 8.2 Anti-Corruption and Anti-Bribery 8.2.1 Identifying Bribery Chapter 9 - Training and Education 9.1 Training Needs 9.2 Responsibilities for Delivery of Training Programmes 9.2.1 Individual Seafarers 9.3 Training Slides 9.3.1 Suggested Presentation at Ship Level 9.3.2 Suggested Presentation at Corporate Level Chapter 10 - Penalties and Prosecution 10.1 Legal Consequences 10.1.1 Maritime Labour Convention Requirements 10.2 National Penalties 10.3 Prosecuting Trafficking on the High Seas Section D - Response Chapter 11 - Tactical 11.1 Unusual Activity at Sea 11.2 Unusual Activity While in Port 11.3 Potential for Drug Trafficking on Cruise Ships 11.4 Potential for Drug Trafficking and Abuse on Yachts 11.4.1 Trade Routes 11.4.2 Notable Yacht Seizures 11.4.3 Actions in the Event of Drugs Found On Board 11.4.4 Drug Use and/or Abuse On Board Yachts 11.4.5 Company Policies 11.5 Suspicious Circumstances On Board 11.6 Incidents Involving Crew 11.6.1 Procedure Where Illegal Drug Use is Suspected 11.7 Medical Response Chapter 12 - Operational 12.1 Concealment of Drugs 12.2 Containers (Rip-On/Rip-Off) 12.3 Suggested Checks for Masters and Ships? Officers 12.4 Typical Locations Where Drugs are Hidden on Ships 12.4.1 Dry Cargo 12.4.2 Tankers 12.4.3 Passenger/RoRo 12.5 Searching the Ship 12.5.1 Search Planning 12.5.2 Reactive Search 12.5.3 Targeted Search 12.5.4 Preventative Search 12.5.5 Methods of Searching 12.6 Additional Considerations 12.6.1 Freight Vehicles and Dumb Trailers 12.6.2 Other Freight 12.6.3 Ships? Stores 12.6.4 Miscellaneous Deliveries to Ships and Ports 12.6.5 Search Duration/Time 12.6.6 External Concealment Chapter 13 - Actions When Drugs are Found 13.1 Safety Considerations 13.2 Actions When Drugs are Found On Board 13.3 Labelling Drugs 13.4 Notifications and Customs 13.5 Post-incident Actions 13.6 Incident Report Section E - Recognition of Drugs Chapter 14 - Drugs and Addiction 14.1 Broad Classification 14.2 Drug Addiction 14.2.1 Risk of Addiction - Genetic or Environmental 14.2.2 Physical Addiction 14.2.3 Psychological Addiction 14.3 Drugs Permitted On Board Chapter 15 - Alcohol and Addiction 15.1 Alcohol Restrictions 15.2 Responding to Alcohol Abuse 15.3 Alcohol Addiction 15.4 Alcohol on Cruise Ships 15.5 Tobacco, Nicotine and E-Cigarettes 15.5.1 Smoking On Board 15.5.2 Global Restrictions Chapter 16 - Emerging Drug Trends 16.1 New Psychoactive Substances 16.1.1 Synthetic Benzodiazepines (BZDs) 16.2 Opioids 16.2.1 Fentanyl 16.2.2 Tramadol 16.3 Captagon 16.4 Cannabis Legalisation 16.5 Nitazenes Chapter 17 - Drug Characteristics and Identification 17.1 Cannabis 17.2 Opiates and Opioids 17.3 Cocaine 17.4 Amphetamine-Type Stimulants (ATS) (and New Psychoactive Substances (NPS)) 17.5 Hallucinogens (Psychedelics) 17.6 Sedative Drugs Chapter 18 - Legitimate Packaged Chemical Cargoes 18.1 Precursor Chemicals Annex 1 - Checklists - Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse On Board 1. Drug Trafficking - Security Procedure to Prevent Trafficking of Drugs On Board 2. Drug Trafficking - Search Procedure if Illegal Drugs are Believed to be On Board 3. Drug Trafficking - Actions to be considered if a Crew Member is Suspected of Trafficking Drugs On Board 4. Drug Trafficking - Actions if Suspected Drugs are Discovered On Board 5. Drug Trafficking - Actions in the Event of Confirmed Drug Trafficking by a Crew Member On Board 6. Drug Trafficking - Actions if a Passenger is Confirmed as Trafficking Drugs On Board 7. Drug Abuse On Board - By a Crew Member 8. Drug Abuse On Board - By a Passenger 9. Familiarisation Checklist on Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse Awareness for New Joiners Annex 2 - Warning Posters Annex 3 - Drug Seizure Statistics in Ships, Ports and at Sea 2023?2024 Annex 4 - Customs Authority Contacts Reporting Customs Authority Contacts References |
Foreword
Drug trafficking is a huge criminal enterprise, involving enormous sums of money and a complex international network of often violent and highly organised cartels and gangs. Commercial shipping, unfortunately, can unwittingly play a significant part in the transportation of illicit drugs to the places where they are consumed. The shipping industry therefore shares a collective responsibility to assist in combatting this illegal traffic. This requires shipping companies, and ships' crews, to be constantly aware of the possibility that ships, and the cargo they carry, may be used as a cover for drug smuggling. This is also a matter of enlightened self-interest. In the event that illegal drugs are found on board a ship by local customs or law enforcement agencies, companies and seafarers may potentially be exposed to huge financial fines or penalties, or even the risk of imprisonment. Drug abuse also presents a serious threat to ships' crews, compounded by the direct connection between intravenous drug use and its associated health risks. Apart from the obvious impact of any illicit drug use on seafarers' health, it affects fitness for duty and compromises the safety of the ship. It also exposes crews to the wider consequences of being associated with serious criminal activity, a particular danger in those parts of the world where the strict rule of law cannot be taken for granted or where the death penalty for drug trafficking still applies. These Guidelines are intended to help shipping companies, Masters and ships' officers to combat drug trafficking and to recognise some of the signs of possible drug use among crew members. Cooperation with customs authorities is essential in fighting drug trafficking and, to that end, the International Chamber of Shipping (ICS) and the World Customs Organization (WCO) signed a Memorandum of Understanding more than 30 years ago on the principles of such cooperation. The International Conference on Drug Abuse and Illicit Trafficking, held under UN auspices in 1987, welcomed the adoption of such agreements and called upon organisations such as ICS to prepare standards or codes of conduct with a view to curbing the illicit traffic in drugs. Guidelines setting out some of the ways in which shipping companies and customs authorities can cooperate were then drawn up in collaboration with the WCO, and the current edition of these Guidelines supplements this basic advice with more practical information, updated to reflect recent developments. The latest edition of these Guidelines also includes a section on the implications of cyber risks for drug trafficking. In the preparation of the current and previous editions of these Guidelines, ICS has sought advice from several sources. Particular acknowledgement is made to the UN Office on Drugs and Crime in Vienna, the WCO, and customs authorities in the United Kingdom, the United States and Hong Kong, China. Attention is drawn to countries where cannabis possession for personal use has been legalised. This may conflict with the laws of the flag State of the ship that prohibits such onboard possession and, if this is the case, the flag State law will take precedence. |