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Maritime Security: A Comprehensive Guide for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations
Maritime Security: A Comprehensive Guide for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations
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The second edition of Maritime Security: A Comprehensive Guide for Shipowners, Seafarers and Administrations addresses the shifting threats faced by the shipping industry today, from political instability and piracy to terrorism and cyber attacks. It equips readers with the knowledge and tools to navigate the complex landscape of maritime security with confidence.
This guide provides a comprehensive overview on complying with SOLAS and International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code statutory requirements, offering guidance on managing and mitigating security threats. References to trusted and new security resources are collected in one place, including the latest Best Management Practices for Maritime Security (BMP), Maritime Industry Security Threat Overview (MISTO) and more.
Maritime Security also provides practical information on operating in areas of war and war-like risk, managing maritime cyber risks, and handling stowaways and rescues at sea. With a model ship security plan, a sample two-year security drill schedule, templates for communication with seafarers' designated contacts, and resources for threat and risk assessments, this book is an invaluable tool for masters, company security officers, ship security officers, port facility security officers and administrations. It also serves as a useful entry point to the subject for anyone with an interest in maintaining the security of global trade.
Additional Information
| Author | International Chamber of Shipping and Witherbys |
| Publisher | Witherbys |
| Edition | Second Edition |
| Publication month | 2025 - March |
| ISBN | 978-1-913997-70-0 |
| Shipping Weight | 1.70Kg |
Resources
Contents
Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 What is Maritime Security? 1.2 SOLAS and the ISPS Code 1.3 Other Security Threats and Best Practice Guidance 1.3.1 Best Management Practices for Maritime Security 1.3.2 Maritime Industry Security Threat Overview Chapter 2 Maritime Security Threats 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Piracy and Armed Robbery 2.2.1 Gulf of Guinea 2.2.2 Western Indian Ocean 2.2.3 South East Asia 2.3 Terrorism 2.4 War and War-like Risks 2.4.1 Southern Red Sea and Gulf of Aden 2.5 Joint War Committee Listed Areas 2.6 Cyber Risk Management 2.6.1 Maritime Cyber Attacks 2.7 Smuggling 2.8 Mixed Mass Migration 2.9 Stowaways Chapter 3 Overview of Regulatory Requirements 3.1 SOLAS Chapter XI-2 and the ISPS Code 3.1.1 Construction and Carriage Requirements 3.2 Company Requirements 3.2.1 Company Security Officer 3.2.2 Ship Security Assessment 3.2.3 Training and Pre-employment Check of Seafarers 3.2.4 On Scene Security Assessment 3.2.5 Ship Visiting a Country that is not Party to the SOLAS Convention 3.3 Shipboard Requirements and Responsibilities 3.3.1 Master's Discretion for Ship Safety and Security 3.3.2 Ship Security Officer 3.3.3 Duties and Responsibilities of the Officer of the Watch and Security Patrol/Gangway Watch 3.3.4 Drills and Exercises on Ship Security 3.3.5 Ship Security Relationships 3.3.6 Internationally Established Security Levels 3.3.7 The Ship Security Plan 3.3.8 The International Ship Security Certificate 3.3.9 Continuous Synopsis Record 3.3.10 Record of Previous Port Calls 3.3.11 Other Information 3.4 Ship Vetting Inspections 3.5 Contracting State Requirements and Responsibilities 3.5.1 Contracting Governments 3.5.2 Recognised Security Organisations 3.6 Port State Responsibilities During Ship/Port Interface 3.6.1 Port State Control 3.6.2 Information that may be Required by Port States 3.6.3 Security Levels at the Port Facility 3.6.4 Declaration of Security 3.6.5 Control Measures that a Port State can Impose on Ships 3.6.6 Port States that believe a Ship is in Non-compliance with the Requirements of Part A of the ISPS Code 3.6.7 Evidence that Indicates that a Ship does not Comply with the Requirements of the ISPS Code Chapter 4 The Ship Security Plan 4.1 The Ship Security Plan 4.1.1 Format and Validity of the SSP 4.1.2 Particulars and Company Details 4.1.3 Master's Authority 4.2 Ship Security Plan content 4.2.1 The Three Internationally Adopted Security Levels 4.2.2 Minimum Requirements of the Ship Security Plan 4.2.3 Procedures and Security Measures to be Addressed in the Ship Security Plan Relating to all Security Levels 4.3 Access to the Ship (and Security Levels) 4.3.1 Access Points to the Ship 4.3.2 Personal Identification/Means of Identification Controls 4.3.3 Key Control 4.3.4 Access to the Ship Under the Three Security Levels 4.3.5 Shore Leave Access 4.3.6 Citadel Access 4.4 Restricted Areas on the Ship 4.4.1 Management of Restricted Areas at each of the Three Security Levels 4.5 Handling of Cargo 4.5.1 Handling of Cargo Measures at the Three Security Levels 4.6 Delivery of Ship's Stores 4.6.1 Delivery of Ship's Stores at the Three Security Levels 4.7 Handling Baggage 4.7.1 Handling Unaccompanied Baggage at each of the Three Security Levels 4.7.2 Handling Accompanied Baggage at the Three Security Levels 4.8 Monitoring the Security of the Ship 4.8.1 Monitoring the Security of the ship at the Three Security Levels 4.9 Differing Security Levels 4.10 Activities not Covered by the Code 4.11 Declaration of Security 4.12 Audit and Review 4.13 Amendments to the Ship Security Plan 4.14 Inspections 4.15 Security Drills 4.16 Record Keeping Chapter 5 Managing and Mitigating Security Threats 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Voluntary Reporting and Registration 5.3 Company Threat and Risk Assessment 5.3.1 Threat Assessment 5.3.2 Risk Assessment 5.3.3 Risk Assessment Considerations 5.4 Company Planning 5.5 Master's Planning 5.6 Ship Protection Measures and Vessel Hardening 5.6.1 General 5.6.2 Vessel Hardening Plan 5.6.3 Watchkeeping and Enhanced Vigilance 5.6.4 Bridge Protection 5.6.5 Access Control 5.6.6 Alarms 5.6.7 Lighting 5.6.8 Closed Circuit Television 5.6.9 Safe Muster Points and Citadels 5.6.10 Ship to Ship Transfer and Static Operations and in Port Security 5.6.11 Drills and Exercises 5.6.12 Routeing and Manoeuvring 5.6.13 Unarmed Security Contractors 5.6.14 Privately Contracted Armed Security Personnel 5.6.15 Vessel Protection Detachments 5.6.16 Additional Protection Measures 5.7 Additional Considerations for Passenger Ship Security 5.7.1 Communications and Closed Circuit Television 5.7.2 Passengers 5.7.3 Stores, Supplies and Provisions 5.7.4 Passengers Going Ashore 5.7.5 Risk of Terrorism 5.7.6 Crowd Management 5.7.7 Interaction with Port Facilities 5.7.8 Security Contractors 5.7.9 On Board Security Team 5.8 Contingency Planning for Developing Security Incidents 5.9 Post Incident Reporting and Investigation 5.10 Humanitarian Considerations 5.10.1 Contacting a Seafarer's Designated Contact 5.10.2 Offering and Providing Support 5.10.3 Organisations which can Offer Support Annexes Annex A Pre-Arrival Security Clearances Annex B Arrival in Port and Security/shore Access for Seafarers Annex C Checklist of Documentary/Information Requirements for Ships Related to Security Information Annex D Checklist of ISPS Related Information that may be Required by Port State Annex E Useful Resources on Maritime Security Annex F The Ship Security Assessment Annex G Model Ship Security Plan - Restricted Part Annex H Model Ship Security Plan - Confidential Part Annex I Vessel Hardening Plan Annex J Checklist of Shipowner Considerations when a Ship is Entering an Area of War Risk Annex K Seafarer's Nomination of a Designated Contact Form Annex L First Call/Visit to a Designated Contact Template Annex M Letter/email to be Sent After Initial Contact Template Annex N Second and Subsequent Call/Visit Template Annex O Designated Contact Call Log |
Foreword
Introduction
Introduction 1.1 What is Maritime security? Maritime security is a matter of increasing concern to the global shipping industry. While the security of ship, crew and cargo has always been of key importance, attention and understanding of the issue has grown in recent years following the development of a dedicated statutory framework under SOLAS. In addition, while the industry has always faced external security threats, the evolution of existing threats and the emergence of new ones poses even greater challenges. With the growth in threat and awareness has come an expansion of the security provisions applied by companies. A security culture is well established in the industry, supported by extensive best practice guidance. There are a wide range of security threats facing the shipping industry, including piracy, armed robbery, the threats of terrorism, war and warlike activity. Similarly, illegal activities such as smuggling of drugs, people, wildlife or weapons, as well as the effects of cyber attacks, can compromise security and endanger a ship and its crew. The increasing connectedness of information and operational technologies in shipping presents another avenue through which security can also be prejudiced. 1.2 SOLAS and the ISPS Code Maritime security is enforced through Chapter XI-2 of the SOLAS Convention and the International Ship and Port Facility Security (ISPS) Code, which entered into force on 1 January 2004. The Convention and Code enforce statutory requirements for ships and port facilities with respect to their own security and the interface between them. Obligations are placed on the shipowner, the port and their respective personnel, and are overseen by the flag state and shoreside designated authority, who also have a responsibility to ensure the security of the assets under their jurisdiction. The key requirement of the regulation and Code is for the development of a ship specific security plan for every ship of 500 GT and over. Similarly, port facilities are required to develop and implement a Port Facility Security Plan (PFSP). In each case these plans are approved by national authorities and are subject to periodic audit and review. The Code also sets out carriage requirements for equipment to track and identify ships, including automatic identification system (AIS) and long range identification tracking (LRIT). See Chapter 3: Overview of regulatory requirements for more detail on the Convention and Code. 1.3 Other security threats and best practice guidance While the ISPS Code was specifically developed in response to the terrorist attacks of 11 September, 2001, it was not explicitly intended to solely cover the threat of terrorism. However, the overall construction and requirements of the regulations are principally directed towards that threat. As such, the rigidity of the requirements, particularly with respect to the authorisation of security plans, means that it does not easily extend to cover evolving or changeable threats and risks that can require a dynamic response. These include the many threats and risks that a ship may face on a single voyage through different points of maritime insecurity. In response, the shipping industry has developed extensive best practice guidance to meet these challenges on a real-time basis and supporting reporting and response architectures have, similarly, developed outside the ISPS framework, supported by states and international organisations. The most significant development in this respect has been the evolution of the threat and risk assessment process for maritime security. These practices extend far beyond the scope of statutory requirements and are essential for minimising security risks and safeguarding ships in areas of maritime insecurity. They serve to demonstrate how industry self-regulation can provide the best and most dynamic means to ensure the security of the world fleet, building on the foundation of the ISPS Code. 1.3.1 Best Management Practices for Maritime Security The Round Table of Shipowner Associations, OCIMF, CLIA and IMCA began revising the fifth edition of Best Management Practices to Deter Piracy and Enhance Maritime Security in the Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea (BMP5) in 2024. The latest Best Management Practices for Maritime Security (BMP) should be used by shipping companies, company security officers (CSOs), ship security officers (SSOs) and masters to conduct threat and risk assessments, however, it does not override ISPS requirements. Companies and seafarers can reduce the likelihood of a maritime security incident and ensure better protection against evolving threats by using the best management practices. The latest BMP combines the region-specific BMP publications into one comprehensive guide that can be used internationally. It is structured to facilitate a thorough threat and risk assessment for voyages in any region where maritime security threats exist. Not all mitigation measures that BMP details will be applicable to every ship type, threat or region. BMP has separate sections on:
The latest BMP provides a harmonised approach to global maritime security and addresses the fact that maritime security threats are constantly evolving. This allows shipowners to:
Applying the recommendations contained in BMP will:
1.3.2 Maritime Industry Security Threat Overview Maritime Industry Security Threat Overview (MISTO) provides an independent assessment of the threat to merchant ships, drawing on information from multiple open sources, which provides accurate and unbiased regional baselines. MISTO can be obtained from www.maritimeglobalsecurity.org. MISTO highlights threats in specific regions, such as:
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