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Cover of Turning Hydrogen Demand Into Reality reportThe International Chamber of Shipping, in collaboration with Professor Dr Stefan Ulreich, examine the role of hydrogen in global decarbonisation efforts, and particularly the role of maritime shipping as an enabler of a hydrogen economy. The report identifies the key sectors that drive hydrogen demand, sets out barriers and opportunities for growth, explores geographical demand hotspots, and outlines a timeline for sectoral adoption. It concludes that more infrastructure is required to support the emerging hydrogen economy.

Executive summary

Clean hydrogen has the potential to function as an energy carrier and feedstock to decarbonise multiple sectors (especially hard-to-abate sectors) and support global decarbonisation efforts by 2050 and beyond.

The main driver for hydrogen demand in multiple sectors is the target of abatement of emissions. Making hydrogen from clean sources, its infrastructure and transportation available at scale in various regions would be key to secure a diversified supply and contribute to a global low-carbon energy security.

Currently, ¾ of hydrogen use is concentrated in refining operations and chemical processes (such as the production of ammonia, fertilizers and desulphuration of fuels), it is mainly produced on-site and based almost entirely on fossil fuels. Current methods of global hydrogen production led to more than 900Mt of CO2 emissions in 2022 [note 1], i.e. slightly higher than current maritime emissions of 706Mt in 2022 [note 2]. For hydrogen increase to support decarbonisation, it would need to be developed from clean sources.

According to the International Energy Agency (IEA) hydrogen use is expected to remain almost stagnant and within current industrial use cases into 2030.

Hydrogen demand scenarios for 2050 see demand for hydrogen growing in multiple sectors, although the rate and timeline of uptake of hydrogen varies between sectors due to infrastructure and regulatory challenges and is likely to take place in stages.

Not all sectors will require the same degree of transformation and infrastructure to be built to incorporate hydrogen as a replacement for fossil fuels. To go beyond the existing hydrogen demand by existing sectors – predominantly refining and chemical processes – infrastructure and power access barriers need to be addressed for new sectors to begin uptake of hydrogen. Hydrogen demand could double by 2040, with most of the additional demand coming from industrial sectors – as it is easier to uptake – acting as a baseload, the rest coming from new industrial uses and a small share of the total (less than 5%) from transport sectors.

For global hydrogen demand to keep the net-zero by 2050 scenario within reach, demand would need to scale five times from current levels to reach nearly 500 million tonnes from 2030 to 2050. Additional multiple sectors and their regulatory conditions, infrastructure and ecosystems would need to be prepared to uptake hydrogen to scale up hydrogen use. Road, shipping and aviation sectors are expected to increase their share of total hydrogen demand from 2034 onwards, potentially reaching 17% of total hydrogen demand from all transport sectors by 2050.

However, the report finds that by 2050 industrial demand, and not transport, will dominate hydrogen demand.

As the IEA sets out, the overall contribution of hydrogen in the energy sector could increase from 1.8% in 2022 to 5.7% in 2050 under the IEA Announced Pledges Scenario and reach 14% of global final energy demand by 2050 according to the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA). IRENA expects 90% of future hydrogen production to come from renewable sources, making electrification the pathway for production of hydrogen.

South Korea, Japan and the EU are the main markets to initially drive hydrogen demand.

These two Asian economies have a projected combined hydrogen demand of 30 million tonnes per year by 2050 (a 10x increase for Japan and 177x for South Korea respectively from current levels), with more than half of hydrogen to come by imports. Europe has a target of 20 million tonnes per year by 2030 with half of that volume to come from imported sources.

The development of port infrastructure and readiness to facilitate the transportation of hydrogen and its derivatives through the establishment of clean energy marine hubs will be essential for the maritime sector to become an enabler of the hydrogen economy.

There are 443 vessels currently transporting ammonia worldwide, but to meet the expected demand of 20 million tonnes of hydrogen of the EU , the fleet will need to increase by up to 300 vessels for the EU 2030 target, and

to meet 33 million tonnes of hydrogen the current shipping ammonia fleet would need to more than double and reach up to 500 additional ammonia vessels for Japan and Korea’s demand alone [ note 3].

Thirty million hydrogen tonnes would represent only 5% of the global demand expected in 2050 and to meet that demand the world would require the equivalent production of the total South and Central America electricity production (if all production comes from renewable sources).

The electrification of hydrogen production and its derivatives is expected to grow.

To meet future hydrogen demand, the scale of electricity demand for green hydrogen production is unprecedented and leads to once-in-a-generation opportunities and challenges.

Renewable electricity is considered a cornerstone for achieving a climate-neutral energy system and hence an essential solution for transport and heating/cooling. However, this also leads to competition for green electricity that is also needed to produce green hydrogen. Since the power demand for hydrogen electrolysis is enormous (reaching up to 25,000 TWh in the most optimistic scenario), the global power system would need to grow more than the tripling of renewable energy commitment announced at COP28 to make a hydrogen economy a reality. Without this, the transition to a hydrogen economy will be stifled and will not deliver on the objectives of the EU and the leading Asian governments.

Governments and industry should increase efforts in innovation and R&D to bring down the cost for hydrogen to improve affordability. They should also explore new forms of clean generation to meet the global hydrogen demand at scale and in a form that facilitates alignment of production, transportation and distribution from production centres to demand centres. In essence, support the energy trilemma to improve affordability, security of supply and sustainability.

Furthermore,

current hydrogen growth demand scenarios show tremendous variability with respect to the share of hydrogen demand by sector,

fuelling uncertainty for businesses and adding barriers to potential investments. Expected hydrogen demand ranges from 90Mt to 600Mt by 2050, equivalent to 4% and 11% of total global energy supply by 2050. Efforts are needed to clarify that demand and reduce uncertainty to unlock further investment opportunities and offtake agreements. To unlock investment, governments should focus their attention on supporting demand side derisking over supply side subsidy. Without this, the transition to a hydrogen economy will be stifled and will not deliver on the decarbonisation objectives set by governments and industry.

Notes
  1. IEA, Global Hydrogen Review 2023, Paris (September 2023)
  2. IEA, International Shipping (www.iea.org/energy-system/transport/international-shipping, retrieved 31 March 2024)
  3. In the figure above it is shown a smaller number of vessels since in the figure hydrogen carriers are assumed in contrast to ammonia carriers. Hydrogen transported as ammonia would require a slightly larger number of vessels (considering current vessel sizes), please see appendix for details.
Acknowledgements

This research was created in collaboration with author Professor Dr Stefan Ulreich, University of Applied Sciences, Biberach, Germany and Chair of the Task-force Renewables of the European Federation of Energy Traders. ICS is also grateful to the following people and organisations for their input for this report: Francisco Boshell, Technology Center and Carlos Ruiz Castellanos, International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), Jose Miguel Bermudez, International Energy Agency (IEA), Rico Salgmann, World Bank, Martin Young, OCIMF, Nikolas Soulopoulos BloombergBNEF, and Adithya Bhashyam, BloombergBNEF.